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Kingdom of Sarawak

Independent kingdom (to 1888), Protectorate of the United Kingdom

←

1841–1946

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Flag	Coat of arms

Motto
Dum Spiro Spero
(Malay: Berharap Selagi Bernafas)

Anthem

0:00

Gone Forth Beyond the Sea

Capital

Kuching

Languages

English, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Sarawak Malay, Chinese etc.

Government

Monarchy

White Rajah

•

1841–1868

James Brooke

•

1868–1917

Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke

•

1917–1946

Legislature

Historical era

•

24 September 1841

•

Protectorate

14 June 1888

•

Ceded as British Colony

30 June 1946

Area

124,450 km² (48,050 sq mi)

Currency

Sarawak dollar

Today part of

Malaysia

Part of a series on the

History of Brunei

Pre-Sultanate

Bruneian Empire

1368
to 1888

House of Bolkiah
(15th century–present)

Sultanate of Sulu	1405 to 1578
Kingdom of Maynila	1500s to 1571
Kingdom of Tondo	1500s to 1571
Castille War	1578
Civil War	1660–1673
Sarawak	15th century to 1841
Labuan	15th century to 1846
Sabah (North Borneo)	15th century to 1865
British protectorate	1888–1984
Japanese occupation	1942–1945
Borneo campaign	1945
British Military Administration	1945–1946
Revolt	1962

The Kingdom of Sarawak was a state in Borneo established in 1841 by James Brooke receiving independent kingdom status from the Sultanate of Brunei as a reward for helping fight piracy and insurgency. Its statehood and identity as a sovereign country was first recognised by the United States in 1850 and then the United Kingdom in 1863. In 1888 Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, the successor of James Brooke, accepted a British protectorate, which it remained until 1946, when the third ruler Charles Vyner Brooke ceded his rights to the United Kingdom. Sarawak gained its independence from the British on 22 July 1963 and formed the Federation of Malaysia together with Singapore, North Borneo and the Federation of Malaya on 16 September 1963.

History

Main article: History of Brunei

A sketch of Pangeran Raja Muda Hashim.

Sarawak was part of the Sultanate of Brunei in Borneo. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota, Sarawak was in chaos from piracy and insurgency. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827–1852) the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pengiran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that James Brooke visited Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested assistance but James Brooke refused. Brooke was by then an independent adventurer with his own ship having left military employment in India after recovering from serious battle injuries. In 1841, James Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this time he agreed to assist Pangeran Muda Hashim. The success in defeating the pirates and insurgents led to the signing of a treaty in 1841 ceding as a reward Sarawak and Serian to James Brooke. Thereafter, on 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Rajah on James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei. The uniqueness of this arrangement in becoming a Rajah without any intent of colonising or imperialism mesmerised the British public's imagination and gave further impetus to exploration and rise to "man who would be king" adventurers in exotic locales.
James Brooke, who was to become the first White Rajah, received a sizeable tract of land from the Sultan. As time went on Sarawak's size would increase tremendously as more territory was leased or annexed from the Sultanate of Brunei.

The evolution of Malaysia

Japanese invasion

Main article: Battle of Borneo (1941-42)

During World War II, Sarawak, as a British protectorate, was brought into the war against Nazi Germany, though as in World War I it had little direct involvement with the conflict aside from providing war materials. Resources for the defence of Sarawak, which was known to be a strategically important goal in the event of an expected Japanese attack, were not available because they were all needed for the defence of the home country. When the Pacific War began in December 1941, Sarawak was brought into the war against Japan on the side of the Allies as part of the British Empire. Sarawak depended upon British protection as she had very limited armed forces, although the Sarawak Rangers were mobilised. In the late 1930s, an air field was constructed near Kuching which could be used as a base for the Royal Air Force in the event of war with Japan, but this proved to be of little use due to the lack of British aircraft available in the Far East. A detachment of Indian Army infantry (2/15th Punjabi regiment) and some anti-aircraft guns were futilely dispatched to Sarawak^[1] to support the Sarawak Rangers, as Sarawak was quickly overrun due to the lack of adequate protection. Rajah Vyner was visiting Australia at the time of the invasion and was unable to return to Sarawak until its liberation in 1945, despite his attempts to return and launch commando raids to fight the Japanese in the jungle. Sarawak's small merchant marine was used by the British in the Far Eastern campaign, with the sinking of the SS Vyner Brooke resulting in the infamous Banka Island massacre. A government in exile was formed, although it proved ineffectual due to the lack of contact with Sarawak. Sarawak, along with the rest of Borneo, was liberated by the Australian Army in 1945.

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History of Malaysia

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Cession to the Crown Colony of Sarawak

Main articles: Anti-cession movement of Sarawak and Crown Colony of Sarawak

After World War II, Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the Colonial Office for a sizeable pension for him and his three daughters. Charles' nephew, Anthony Brooke, who as designated heir bore the title of Rajah Muda, initially opposed cession to the Crown along with a majority of the native members of the Council Negri, or parliament. Duncan Stewart, the second British governor of Sarawak, was assassinated in the resulting unrest. As of now there is no serious movement for the restoration of the monarchy.

Demographics

Sarawak is notably different from peninsular Malaysia and even Sabah in that its ethnic groups are more varied due to the large proportion of tribal peoples such as Dayaks. Chinese migration was encouraged at various times by the Brookes.

Government

Main article: White Rajahs

The three White Rajahs of Sarawak were:

Sir James Brooke (1841–1868)
Sir Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke (1868–1917)
Sir Charles Vyner Brooke (1917–1946)

When James Brooke first arrived in Sarawak it was governed as a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei. When he assumed control of the original area around Kuching in the 1840s much of the system of government was based on the ineffective Bruneian model. James set about reforming the government and eventually creating a civil service known as the Sarawak Service which recruited European, mainly British officers to run district outstations. He invited the Anglican Mission to set up church and schools, the diocese of Borneo with its own Archbishop. Particularly, the mission through Father McDougall set up the St. Thomas Anglican School, ( See:SMK St. Thomas) in 1848, still the oldest established European school in Southeast Asia. Thus, the residents became exposed to and trained in many British and European methods and culture. However, James retained many of the customs and symbols of neighbouring Malay monarchies and combined them with his own style of absolute rule. James Brooke was very particular in ensuring the local customs and beliefs of local indigenous races like the Dayaks, Ibans, etc. were maintained and respected. As the Rajah, he had the power to introduce laws and also acted as chief judge in Kuching. He selected his successor, his nephew, Charles Brooke who became the Second Rajah. Charles Brooke was responsible for acquiring more land from the Sultan of Brunei which basically led to the land size of Sarawak today.
He was succeeded by Charles Vyner Brooke as the Third Rajah. While the manner of his departure was controversial, Charles Vyner nonetheless instituted significant political reforms, including ending the absolute rule of the Rajah in 1941 ahead of the Japanese invasion by granting new powers to the Council Negri.

Military

Sarawak Rangers

Main article: Sarawak Rangers

The Sarawak Rangers were a para-military force founded in 1872 by the second Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Anthony Johnson Brooke. They evolved from the fortmen which were raised to defend Kuching in 1846. The Sarawak Rangers were first commanded by a William Henry Rodway (1836-1924), a trainee dentist whose only military training had been in the Torquay Volunteers when he was recruited to Kuching in 1862. The later became skilled in jungle warfare and general policing duties, being equipped with various western rifles, cannons and native weaponry. This small force also manned a series of forts around the country, performed ceremonial duties and acted as the Rajahs' personal guard.
Aside from protecting Sarawak's borders, they were used to fight any rebels and were engaged in a number of campaigns during their history. The Sarawak Rangers were disbanded for a few years in the 1930s, only to be reformed and mobilised for the Second World War in which they attempted to defend Sarawak from Japanese invasion in 1942 at the start of the Pacific War. After the abdication of Charles Vyner Brooke in 1946, the Sarawak Rangers became a colonial unit under direct British control and saw action in both the Malayan Emergency and the Borneo Confrontation.

Battle off Mukah

Main article: Battle off Mukah

Jolly Bachelor engaging pirates off T.Datu, Sarawak, 1843

In November 1862 two Sarawakian warships under the Rajah Muda, Captain Brooke Brooke, attacked a force of Moro Pirates in six large proas when they raided the town of Mukah. Over the course of two or three hours, Brooke with his steamer Rainbow, and his gunboat Jolly Bachelor, sank four of the pirate ships either by cannon fire or by ramming them. Another was damaged by near hits and abandoned by her crew. In the end only a few Sarawakians were killed or wounded while the Moros lost several killed or wounded.^[2]

Economy

Main article: Borneo Company Limited

By and large the Brookes pursued a policy of paternalism, aimed at protecting the 'native peoples' from capitalist exploitation but also preventing the same levels of development which were evident in some other parts of the British Empire. While James laid much of the groundwork for the expansion of Sarawak, it was his nephew Charles who was the great builder, both in terms of public buildings, forts and extending the borders of the state.
The Brookes were determined to prevent the peoples of Sarawak from being exploited by Western business interests and formed The Borneo Company Limited to assist in managing the economy. The Borneo Company Limited was also to provide military support to the Brookes during events such as the Chinese Rebellion when one of the company Steamers, The Sir James Brooke was used to assist in the recapture of Kuching.
The architectural legacy of the dynasty can be seen in many of the country's nineteenth century and colonial heritage buildings. In Kuching these include The Astana, or governor's residence, the Old Sarawak Museum, Fort Margherita, the Square Fort, the Old Courthouse and Brooke Memorial. Several key buildings from the Brooke period have been demolished, including the offices and warehouses of Borneo Company.
The country started issuing its own coinage from 1841 when it issued a one keping coin. This was later demonetised and cents were introduced from 1863 onward, in denominations ranging from a quarter cent to 50 cents. These were initially subdivisions of the Spanish dollar which was legal tender in the country, until a Sarawak dollar was introduced.
The dollar was the currency of Sarawak from 1858 to 1953. It was subdivided into 100 cents. The dollar remained at par with the Straits dollar and its successor the Malayan dollar, the currency of Malaya and Singapore, from its introduction until both currencies were replaced by the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1953.^[3]

Culture

Main articles: Sarawak Museum and The Astana, Sarawak

Modern Kuching still boasts many businesses and attractions which capitalise upon the era of the White Rajahs like The Astana, Fort Margherita, St. Thomas's Cathedral and School, and the world famous Sarawak Museum. The Brooke Dockyard, which was founded in the period of Rajah Charles, is still in operation, as is the original Sarawak Museum. The James Brooke Café and the "Royalist", a pub named after Rajah James's Schooner, pay tribute to the Brookes.

References and sources

References

Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942". Dutch East Indies Campaign website.

"Sketches of Our Life at Sarawak, by Harriette McDougall (1882)". Retrieved 16 February 2016.

http://onlinecoin.club/Coins/Country/Sarawak/

Sources

Runciman, Steven, The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, Cambridge University Press, 1960
Brooke, Ranee Margaret, My Life in Sarawak, 1913.
Sylvia, Lady Brooke, Queen of the Headhunters, 1970.
Reece, R.H.W., The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak, 1993.
Eade, Philip, Sylvia, Queen of the Headhunters: A Biography of Lady Brooke, the Last Ranee of Sarawak London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007

Rewa district

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Rewa District)

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.

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Rewa district रीवा जिला
District of Madhya Pradesh
Location of Rewa district in Madhya Pradesh
Country	India
State	Madhya Pradesh
Administrative division	Rewa
Headquarters	Rewa, India
Government
• Lok Sabha constituencies	Rewa
Area
• Total	6,240 km² (2,410 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total	2,363,744
• Density	380/km² (980/sq mi)
Demographics
• Literacy	73.42 per cent
• Sex ratio	930
Major highways	NH 7, NH 27, NH 75
Website	Official website

The Keoti Fall in Rewa Madhya Pradesh

Rewa District is a district of the Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The city of Rewa is the district headquarters. Rewa is also known as the land of white tigers. Madhya Pradesh's only Sainik School is also situated in Rewa.

Geography

Rewa lies between 24⁰ 18’ and 25⁰ 12’ north latitudes and 81⁰ 2’ and 82⁰ 18’.^[1] The district is bounded on the north by Uttar Pradesh, on the east and southeast by Sidhi, on the south by Shahdol, and on the west by Satna. It is part of Rewa Division and has an area of 6,240 km².^[2]
The Huzur, Sirmour and Mauganj tehsils lie between the Kaimur Range in the south, and the Binjh pahar in the north, and form what is known as the Rewa plateau or uprihar. To the north lies the Teonther tehsil which is quite different in its physical and other features from the plateau tehsils. The Rewa plateau decreases in height from south to north. In the south, the Kaimur Range rises to more than 450 meters above sea level, whereas the alluvial plain of Teonthor is just 100 meters above sea level.
The district has a varied terrain that includes alluvial plains, hills, ravines, scarp, rivers, and water-falls. The rain-water of the district flows out along two tributary rivers of the Ganges, the Tons or Tamas and the Son.^[1] The Bichiya River flows through the heart of Rewa city.
The Tamsa or Tons and its tributaries form waterfalls as they descend from the Rewa Plateau, including: the Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihar River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of the Belah River, which is itself a tributary of the Tamsa, Bahuti fall on Chataniha river beside Misirgawan village,and the Purwa Falls (70m) on the Tamsa or Tons.^[3]

Divisions

Rewa district is divided into 10 tehsils named Mangava, Naigarhi, Sirmaur, Jawa, Teonthar, Gurh, Hanumana, Hujur, Raipur Karchulian and Mauganj,semariya ; which has form newly whereas Rewa city lies in Hujur Tehsil.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Rewa District has a population of 2,363,744,^[4] roughly equal to the nation of Latvia^[5] or the US state of New Mexico.^[6] This gives it a ranking of 191st in India (out of a total of 640).^[4] The district has a population density of 374 inhabitants per square kilometre (970/sq mi) .^[4] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.79%.^[4] Rewa has a sex ratio of 930 females for every 1000 males,^[4] and a literacy rate of 73.42%.^[4]

Languages

Hindi is the official and primary language spoken in Rewa. Other languages spoken include Agariya, an Austroasiatic tongue with approximately 72,000 speakers;^[7] Bagheli, which has a lexical similarity of 72-91% with Hindi^[8] (compared to 60% for German and English)^[9] and is spoken by about 7,800,000 people in Bagelkhand;^[8] and Bharia, a Dravidian language spoken by at least 200,000 members of the Bharia tribe and written in the Devanagari script.^[10]

Tourism

Deorkothar(or Deur Kothar) is known for its Buddhist stupas and may have been established by the Maurya king Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. In ancient times the site was located on the Dakshinapatha (Southern Trade Route) running east-west from Pataliputra (Patna) to Pratishthana in Maharashtra through Central India.

White tigers

The first of the white tigers to be captured was a cub, approximately two years old, who was captured by Maharajah Martand Singh of Rewa. The tiger lived in captivity at the Maharajah's summer palace for five years and, on its death, was stuffed and sent as a gift to King George V as a sign of India's loyalty to the crown. To this day, white tigers are still kept at the Maharajah's summer palace which is located at Govindgarh.

Mohan

Mohan was a famous white tiger captured in May 1951, by Maharajah Shri Martand Singh, who was hunting in the jungles of Bandhavgarh. On 25 May there was a report that a tigress had been sighted with four cubs, one of which was white. The tigress was shot, as were two of her four cubs, but the white cub escaped. (Rules of the time allowed the shooting of a tigress with cubs.) The white cub was captured and kept in a large open courtyard within the Maharajah's 150-roomed palace. On 30 May, only three days after its capture, the white cub escaped and a long hunt was organised to recover it. The white cub was reintroduced to a repaired courtyard where he lived for the remainder of his life. This tiger was the famed Mohan.

Economy

A limestone belt runs through the Rewa district and coal is found in the nearby districts of Shahdol, Umaria, Sidhi and Singrauli. Cement factories are located in nearby Naubasta, Bela (Satna district) and Bhagwar (Sidhi district). The Jaypee Group has built a township known as Jaypee Nagar in Rewa. Asia's biggest cement factory, Prism cement (previously Rasi Cement), operates near Rewa in Satna district. Various Birla Group Companies, such as Vindhya Tele Links and Birla Ericson Ltd., are also located there.
In 2006, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Rewa one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 districts in India).^[11] It is one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).^[11]

Transport

Railways: Rewa is connected to Satna through a 50 km Rewa Satna Rail Line. Satna falls on the Mumbai Howrah main line via Allahabad.
Road: India's longest highway, NH 7 Varanasi to Kanyakumari, runs through Rewa, linking with Mirzapur, Katni, Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, and Bangalore. NH 27 to Allahabad and NH 75, from Ranchi to Gwaliar, also pass through Rewa.
Air: The nearest airport is at Khajuraho. Rewa also has an air strip at Churhat.

References

"Rewa district". Rewa district administration. Retrieved 2010-08-18.

"Rewa". mponline. Retrieved 2010-08-18.

K. Bharatdwaj. Physical Geography: Hydrosphere. p. 154. Google books. Retrieved 2010-07-11.

"District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-30.

US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 2011-10-01. Latvia 2,204,708 July 2011 est.

"2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-30. New Mexico - 2,059,179

M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Agariya: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-09-28.

M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Bagheli: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-09-28.

M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "English". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-09-28.

M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Bharia: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-09-28.

Ministry of Panchayati Raj (8 September 2009). "A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme" (PDF). National Institute of Rural Development. Retrieved 27 September 2011.